com If your research question fits into one of the above categories, you’re probably going to be doing a quantitative study. biomedcentral. Department of Agriculture (USDA) concept of food security as a guiding framework. Finding a Research Question and Approaches to Qualitative Research We’ve discussed the research design process in general and ways of knowing favored by qualitative researchers. It focuses on collecting non-numerical data, such as words, images, or objects, to gain in-depth insights into people's thoughts, feelings, motivations, and perspectives. , genetic screening, violence prevention, lifestyle interventions Apr 20, 2022 · A continuous adjustment to life is required 1. , help them better understand their own physical capability, provide 4 days ago · Qualitative Health Research (QHR) is a peer-reviewed monthly journal that provides an international, interdisciplinary forum to enhance health care and further the development and understanding of qualitative research in health-care settings. In this research topic, we welcome systematic Mar 12, 2020 · Given that healthy lifestyle or lifestyle changes lower dementia risk and have beneficial effects on cognition even among individuals with genetic susceptibility for dementia [32, 33], identifying and addressing such beliefs and doubts when encouraging older adults to improve lifestyle and inviting them to prevention trials would be important SSM - Qualitative Research in Health is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes international and interdisciplinary qualitative research, methodological, and theoretical contributions related to medical care, illness, disease, health, and wellbeing from across the globe. The authors of this study endorse the idea that people’s realities are shaped through their individual and subjective perceptions, and they are therefore committed to epistemological constructionism (i. 2022, p. Jun 19, 2020 · Advantages of qualitative research. May 28, 2022 · Background Substance use among youth (ages 12–24) is troublesome given the increasing risk of harms associated. Qualitative research plays a key role in understanding patient experiences and the factors that facilitate or Jan 1, 2022 · The original research objective for each dataset used in the tests varied, but most studies (14/16) focused on health issues, such as experiences of a specific health condition (e. Below is an example of a Dec 20, 2023 · Health and Well-being: Question: How do individuals with chronic illnesses perceive and manage their overall well-being? Context: This question aims to explore the subjective experiences of individuals living with chronic illnesses, focusing on their perceptions of well-being and the strategies they employ to manage their health. The Oxford English Dictionary defines research as “a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it” [], while Webster’s Dictionary defines research as “studious inquiry or examination - especially: investigation Jan 20, 2008 · Studies using qualitative research in health care have been criticised for the misguided separation of method from theory and of technique from the conceptual underpinnings. 4 kg/m 2 in men Nov 28, 2014 · Design and setting. 25 34 A recent systematic review 34 identified that no such platform currently exists, thus the characteristics of such a platform that would benefit people Jun 21, 2021 · Background Obesity is a prevalent, complex, progressive and relapsing chronic disease characterised by abnormal or excessive body fat that impairs health and quality of life. Wrap-up: crafting your own qualitative research questions. BMC Obesity, 5, 42. Oct 18, 2022 · ‘Healthy lifestyle, eh … mm, living like you are fit, strong health- wise; you take the right diet or food, do the right exercise, you keep fit. 9 kg/m 2 in women and 23. 18 However, qualitative health researchers respond by stating that the choice of method and how it is used can perfectly well be matched to what is being studied rather than Grounded theory first described by Glaser and Strauss in 1967, is a framework for qualitative research that suggests that theory must derive from data, unlike other forms of research, which suggest that data should be used to test theory. e. 12 Breast cancer patients, regardless of the stage of their disease, who have completed During each interview, the interviewer started with general questions, including those listed above. Studies addressing influences arising from daily family life and including family-level influences are rare and the existing studies solely focus on the relevance for children’s Jan 8, 2024 · Qualitative research is a method of inquiry used in various disciplines, including social sciences, education, and health, to explore and understand human behavior, experiences, and social phenomena. Qualitative research questions are open-ended, helping to uncover a target audience’s opinions, beliefs, and motivations. To address this gap, this study explored how youth perceive context, research questions and design of qualitative research. Sep 10, 2023 · Qualitative research focuses on the social world (Liamputtong 2020). Nov 23, 2018 · Maintenance of healthy lifestyle Healthy eating habits Food knowledge and education Meal planning Involvement in food preparation Physical activity Being portion-aware: Social-level Parental food behavior and influence Friends pressure and influence Low food culture: Social-level Friends pressure and influence Parental food behavior and influence Dec 12, 2016 · Qualitative research, sometimes also referred to as naturalistic inquiry, is a distinct field of research with its own research philosophy, theory and methodology. Revised on November 21, 2023. korstjens@av-m. Apr 17, 2022 · Qualitative research begins with one or more relatively broad research questions that may be revised iteratively as the research is carried out to narrow the research aim or purpose. What is Qualitative Research? “Qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. Apr 25, 2021 · Phenomenology is a branch of philosophy dedicated to the description and analysis of phenomena, that is, the way things, in the broadest sense of the word, appear (Husserl, 1911, 1913; see e. CONTACT Irene Korstjens im. A qualitative study aimed to elucidate older people's reasoning about drinking in later life and how this interacted with health concerns, in order Dec 31, 2022 · What is a qualitative research question? A qualitative research question explores a topic in-depth, aiming to better understand the subject through interviews, observations, and other non-numerical data. (2004). This study used qualitative research methods [] for data collection which included focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). 10. The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive, and the inferences can be drawn quite easily from the obtained data . Lay understandings of health risks and stigma around alcohol problems may explain why public health messages have not reduced rates of heavy drinking in this sector. , 2012; Gallacher, May Sep 1, 2018 · The relatively small body of qualitative research relevant to the food environment tends to focus on the perceptions and practices of specific (social) groups with shared norms and values [see (Carnahan et al. Few studies have explored young people’s help-seeking behaviours to address substance use concerns. As qualitative research has gained credibility in health professions education (HPE) scholarship (Varpio and Meyer Citation 2017), the field’s understanding of rigorous research processes has been refined. Apr 4, 2022 · INTRODUCTION. 5 Poor diet quality constitutes a Aug 7, 2013 · Increasing alcohol consumption among older individuals is a public health concern. 11, 13 Involving students in service design could positively influence aspects of treatment provision currently concerning students, such as lack of treatment choice 14, 15 or time Feb 27, 2019 · What is qualitative research? If we look for a precise definition of qualitative research, and specifically for one that addresses its distinctive feature of being “qualitative,” the literature is meager. Physical activity is critical to healthy development of children. The approach has “its origins in interpretivism” (Stickley et al. [3,4,10] The participants reported searching for preventive care and healthy lifestyle choices including diet, nutrition, vitamin supplements Nov 2, 2022 · This video offers tips on how to write good qualitative research questions, produced by Qualitative Research Expert, Kimberly Baker. 9 The combination of factors such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, mental well-being and positive social interactions not only contributes to Jun 24, 2021 · Adaptation of current service delivery. Much of the data were related more broadly to personal perceptions and experiences rather than specific research questions. This review explores research on the barriers to and facilitators of both the promotion of healthy lifestyles by healthcare providers (HCPs) and healthy lifestyle changes by patients with gynecological cancer. One of the strengths of qualitative research is its ability to explain processes Chapter 4. 43 It is a qualitative research process that entails developing theories based on evidence that has been Nov 23, 2018 · Maintenance of healthy lifestyle Healthy eating habits Food knowledge and education Meal planning Involvement in food preparation Physical activity Being portion-aware: Social-level Parental food behavior and influence Friends pressure and influence Low food culture: Social-level Friends pressure and influence Parental food behavior and influence 2 days ago · When a qualitative methodology is chosen, research questions should be exploratory and focused on the actual phenomenon under study. It affects more than 650 million adults worldwide and is associated with a range of health complications. The aim of the focus groups was to explore and obtain in-depth information about the nurses’ lifestyle behaviours, health concerns and priorities and barriers to living a healthy lifest Mar 8, 2022 · Authors’ experience in mental health: Qualitative research with mental health service users is necessary, to heard their real needs. Although lifestyle changes have the potential to improve outcomes, lifestyle counseling is not routinely integrated into standard care. In this article we systematically search, identify and analyze a sample of 89 sources using or attempting to define the term Nov 14, 2016 · Background Mobile apps for health exist in large numbers today, but oftentimes, consumers do not continue to use them after a brief period of initial usage, are averse toward using them at all, or are unaware that such apps even exist. Some dimensions of access are difficult to quantify, namely characteristics that influence healthcare services to be both acceptable and appropriate. A research question pinpoints exactly what you want to find out in your work. A qualitative research approach offers “a unique grounding position” for researchers to undertake research that encourages distinct ways of asking questions and offers an insight into the social world, which in turn will help researchers to Jun 21, 2021 · Background Obesity is a prevalent, complex, progressive and relapsing chronic disease characterised by abnormal or excessive body fat that impairs health and quality of life. 4 Processed foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugars are consumed in excess, with junk food accounting for over a third of the daily energy intake in both adolescents and adults. 28 Economic problems are a major hurdle for patients to access appropriate health services and adherence to drug therapy. 5 decades on determinants and correlates for children and adolescents’ physical activity motivation. The average BMI was 22. Some of those highlighted here include: identification of the research problem, formation of the research question/aim, and selecting an appropriate methodology and research design, which are the main concerns of qualitative researchers and need to be handled This is the second in a series of four papers on understanding and doing qualitative research [Frankel & Devers (2000) Qualitative research: a consumer's guide, Education for Health, 13, 113-123; Devers & Frankel (2000) Study design in qualitative research--2: sampling and data collection st … Jan 10, 2023 · INTRODUCTION. Nov 23, 2022 · In addition, with an understanding of the importance of goal setting for healthy lifestyle behaviors, coaches and other health professionals can be given practical suggestions to enhance older adults’ self-understanding and literacy regarding healthy lifestyle behaviors (i. Its general aim is to develop concepts which help us to understand social phenomena in, wherever possible, natural rather than experimental settings, to gain an understanding of the experiences, perceptions and/or behaviours of individuals, and the meanings attached to them. Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses. A good research question is essential to guide your research paper, dissertation, or thesis. The eating habits of children and adolescents are of public health interest globally because of growing evidence relating poor childhood nutrition to obesity and increased risks of type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases later in life []. In qualitative studies Sep 18, 2023 · The current qualitative study intended to gain an in-depth understanding of determinants of digital technology adoption for healthy lifestyle among community-dwelling adults in Singapore. , 2007)] rather than on specific types of outlets within food environments (Janssen May 27, 2020 · This paper aims to provide an overview of the use and assessment of qualitative research methods in the health sciences. May 13, 2010 · Background A family history, reflecting genetic susceptibility as well as shared environmental and behavioral factors, is an important risk factor for common chronic multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and many cancers. Oct 30, 2022 · 10 Research Question Examples to Guide your Research Project. , multiple created, mind-dependent realities exist (Smith & McGannon, 2018). . The research questions are generally broad and open to unexpected findings. We decided to put the focus of our research on Sep 28, 2018 · Participants. Canada. The impact of the built environment and urbanisation on physical activity and obesity; The effects of food insecurity on health outcomes in Zimbabwe; The role of community-based participatory research in addressing health disparities; The impact of social determinants of health, such as racism, on population health Nov 2, 2016 · A qualitative study of 22 US overweight adolescents, identified via health centre records, found those whose BMI decreased over a 2-year period were more likely to describe ‘transformative experiences’ and family support as well as intense daily exercise. 1 Qualitative research refers to any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical analysis or other means of quantification. 2012: V: To discuss the challenges faced by qualitative researchers in research ethics boards Oct 26, 2022 · Writing Strong Research Questions | Criteria & Examples. The patients were chosen from the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia, particularly the Malay, Chinese, and Indian. g. 11, 13 Involving students in service design could positively influence aspects of treatment provision currently concerning students, such as lack of treatment choice 14, 15 or time This is the second in a series of four papers on understanding and doing qualitative research [Frankel & Devers (2000) Qualitative research: a consumer's guide, Education for Health, 13, 113-123; Devers & Frankel (2000) Study design in qualitative research--2: sampling and data collection st … Jul 1, 2009 · The reflective and interrogative processes required for developing effective qualitative research questions can give shape and direction to a study in ways that are often underestimated. Many studies have been conducted in the past 2. Jul 30, 2021 · As previous research had suggested, the study participants searched the Internet for health information on fitness regimes, diet, exercises, alternative treatments, and specific diseases and treatments. Yet to date, little is known about the efficacy of Healthy Life Centres in promoting health behaviour change and maintenance or the factors that underlie these processes. Published on October 26, 2022 by Shona McCombes. Aug 26, 2014 · Background. They are not rigidly decided Apr 7, 2022 · Introduction. In the 1980s, qualitative health research emerged as a distinctive domain and mode of inquiry. K. Research must guarantee the autonomy of those selected and offer protection to participants: McCormack D et al. Methods This single-site qualitative study gathered insights of older adults’ perceptions about initiating and maintaining mindfulness and exercise practices. Our analysis found two themes: (1) what negatively affected for patient’s quality of daily life during the treatment period, a question to which patients responded by talking only about the side effects of treatment; and (2) what positively affected their quality of daily life during the treatment period with three sub-themes: (i) The interest in having —investing in — a support Qualitative health research has been shown to be effective in the study of health problems at different stages of the life cycle and it is a valuable complement to clinical and epidemiological research in public health, a source of hypotheses, discussion of results and implications for practice. Questions were developed to Qualitative research methods began to appear in nursing in 1960s and 1970s amid cautious and reluctant acceptance. It’s important to spend some time assessing and refining your question before you get started. 1186/s40608-018-0218-0 [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] Shenton, A. , 2016). , knowledge is constructed and subjective) and ontological relativism (i. Qualitative research techniques outlined by Patton served as the training manual. Sep 10, 2015 · Qualitative research is widely used in the health sciences and is regarded as the most appropriate method when exploring people’s life experiences or phenomena that are sensitive or socially complex [25, 26]. We carried out focus groups with 41 adults aged 65–85 who had recently initiated Apr 16, 2018 · The Palliative and end-of-life care Priority Setting Partnership (PeolcPSP) undertook a UK-wide free-text survey to establish research priorities within palliative and end-of-life care and disseminated its results in 2015. Additional questions were asked, when needed, to elicit further details. However, studies mostly focused on dyadic and unidirectional influences of parents on their children. This is different from quantitative research, where a narrow research question is set at the start and remains fixed. Qualitative research can help to gain these insights because this form of research can provide ‘an in-depth and interpreted In describing the type of knowledge produced by qualitative research addressing these questions and the general approaches used, we draw on examples of research involving people living in disadvantaged circumstances because of the significance of this work to public health practice. Qualitative research plays a key role in understanding patient experiences and the factors that facilitate or Feb 19, 2024 · Topics & Ideas: Public Health. Even more so, substance use services are largely underutilized among youth, most only accessing support when in crisis. . Qualitative research questions focus on exploring phenomena, meanings and experiences. , 2016; Dwyer et al. nl Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Care, Research Centre for Midwifery Science, PO Box 1256, 6201 BG, Maastricht, The Netherlands 2017 The Author(s). If your desire is to perform a qualitative study, it will probably be a lot easier to develop your research question if you first become familiar with some of qualitative research’s basic … Readily applicable to quantitative and qualitative methods, a health lifestyles approach provides a practical application of theory to advance empirical research and policy. Qualitative research questions. HF patients are often enrolled in complex treatment regimens with a heavy medication load and demanding lifestyle changes (Kessing, Denollet, Widdershoven, & Kupper, 2016); additionally, treatment may become a burden (Eton et al. It is well documented that helping children develop and sustain a physically active lifestyle requires children to become motivated. We carried out focus groups with 41 adults aged 65–85 who had recently initiated Apr 13, 2022 · A healthy diet is associated with physical 1 and mental health. Since the inception of the coronavirus pandemic, this challenge is more pressing. The purpose of our study was to examine and qualitatively determine the design and content elements of health apps that facilitate or impede usage from the Dec 23, 2019 · Background Mindfulness practice and exercise are ways by which older adults can improve and maintain their physical, emotional and cognitive health. , 2008; Gram, 2010; Greves et al. Published on October 30, 2022 by Shona McCombes. Jun 26, 2020 · Background Since the early 2000s, Healthy Life Centres have been established in Norway to promote physical and mental health. Revised on October 19, 2023. We also demonstrate how, when conducting qualitative research, qualitative researchers are continually making decisions and those decision-making processes are informed by the preceding steps in the research Jul 27, 2015 · The questions were developed using the U. 3,4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the Nov 1, 2022 · The concept of a unifying digital health platform was informed by behaviour change theoretical frameworks, existing digital health research and expert opinion of contributing researchers. The research question is one of the most important parts of your research paper, thesis or dissertation. Qualitative research often tries to preserve the voice and perspective of participants and can be adjusted as new research questions arise. Apr 1, 2021 · Focused ethnographic methods were used in this study to describe the positive experiences of living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomenon in terms of the meanings people bring to them. The purposive sampling method was employed to identify patients who fulfilled the criteria of the study in order to explore the voices of the patients within the study context. Much qualitative research on this topic has been conducted by interviewing people with MS 2,3,4,5,6. Health lifestyles offer a perspective for understanding social behavior that engages macro, meso, and micro levels of sociological analysis. 237). Review and cite LIFESTYLE protocol, troubleshooting and other methodology information | Contact experts in LIFESTYLE to get answers Nov 1, 2022 · The concept of a unifying digital health platform was informed by behaviour change theoretical frameworks, existing digital health research and expert opinion of contributing researchers. ). , sickle cell disease, multiple sclerosis, Paget's disease), health service, or intervention (e. 25 34 A recent systematic review 34 identified that no such platform currently exists, thus the characteristics of such a platform that would benefit people Jun 29, 2021 · Background The family is an important social environment for children’s, adolescents’ and adults’ health. INTRODUCTION. This study utilised in-depth interviewing methods, and the study drew upon both phenomenology and cultural competence frameworks to Oct 4, 2018 · Results. 4 Other qualitative studies have identified successful weight loss maintenance Jan 2, 2018 · Qualitative research has a rich tradition in the study of human social behaviour and cultures. Nov 14, 2016 · Background Mobile apps for health exist in large numbers today, but oftentimes, consumers do not continue to use them after a brief period of initial usage, are averse toward using them at all, or are unaware that such apps even exist. The USDA defines food security as access by all people at all times to enough nutritious food for an active, healthy life and encompasses both geographic and economic access to healthy food . Because of the subjective nature of health and wellbeing generally, and obesity specifically, research methods need to delve into the meaning and reasons behind why a person struggles to lead a healthy lifestyle. Participants were interviewed by either of the first two authors. Jun 27, 2024 · Qualitative research questions focus on depth and quality, exploring the “why and how” behind decisions, without relying on statistical tools. These link to a patient’s acceptance of services that they are to Nov 29, 2017 · This second article addresses FAQs about context, research questions and designs. Jun 21, 2021 · Qualitative research plays a key role in understanding patient experiences and the factors that facilitate or hinder the effectiveness of health interventions. May 17, 2019 · An exploratory qualitative study design was utilised to investigate definitions of healthy eating, and how healthy food choices are translated into everyday life by adults, using convenience sampling. From the Dissertation Center, Chapter 1: Research Question Overview, there are several considerations when forming a qualitative research question. Discussion The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the evidence for the use of family history as a tool for primary prevention of Jan 19, 2023 · Exploring 100 key questions (and answers) on the nature and practice of qualitative inquiry, this unique book addresses the practical decisions that researchers must make in their work, from the design of the study, through ethics approval, implementation, and writing. Discussion The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the evidence for the use of family history as a tool for primary prevention of May 8, 2017 · A comprehensive digital questionnaire covering multiple topics was developed for the study and performed on available laptops. 32 Sep 18, 2022 · Qualitative research, at its core, asks open-ended questions whose answers are not easily put into numbers, such as "how" and "why. In chapter 2, I asked you to think about what interests you in terms of a focus of study, including your motivations and research purpose. Qualitative research questions should . Dec 9, 2020 · We then address the different data collection techniques that can be used within the approach and the suitable types of data analysis. ”-Denzin and Lincoln, 2003 There are different types of qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, and case study research that are usually used. Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Good research questions do not necessarily produce good research, but poorly conceived or constructed questions will likely create problems that affect all subsequent stages of a study. Sep 9, 2014 · Results: One of the main topics discussed is the nature of qualitative research, its inherent challenges, and how to overcome them. Qualitative research can be defined as the study of the nature of phenomena and is especially appropriate for answering questions of why something is (not) observed, assessing complex multi-component interventions, and focussing on intervention improvement. Qualitative research is good for: Flexibility; The data collection and analysis process can be adapted as new ideas or patterns emerge. Sep 6, 2023 · Methodological underpinnings. Over the course of this article, we've explored what qualitative research questions are, why they matter, and how they should be written. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to examine the factors that participants in a Healthy See full list on bmcpublichealth. The most common Jun 24, 2021 · Adaptation of current service delivery. Focused ethnography is a means of accessing experiences, perspectives, and behaviors in the context in which they occur, thereby improving our understanding of factors surrounding health and disease (). 2,3 Yet only 1% of Australians consume enough fruits and vegetables per day to meet national dietary guidelines. Review and cite LIFESTYLE protocol, troubleshooting and other methodology information | Contact experts in LIFESTYLE to get answers A healthy lifestyle, intricately intertwined with the surrounding environment, is a holistic concept that transcends physical health, encompassing mental health, nutrition and overall quality of life. This review aims to systematically locate, assess and synthesise qualitative studies in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the lived experience of people with obesity. Interviews lasted for up Oct 16, 2022 · This qualitative study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to participants’ usage of a healthy lifestyle change CA and collect their views on areas for its improvement. Research also suggests that students who do seek help report dissatisfaction with available services, 12 and young adults disengage from treatment more than other age groups. , Hintikka, 1995). Jun 2, 2022 · Healthy Life Centre participants' perceptions of living with overweight or obesity and seeking help for a perceived “wrong” lifestyle – A qualitative interview study. 1,2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results. Apr 2, 2022 · Background Ensuring access to healthcare is a complex, multi-dimensional health challenge. The purpose of our study was to examine and qualitatively determine the design and content elements of health apps that facilitate or impede usage from the Feb 8, 2020 · 1. 2,3 It uses a naturalistic Although lifestyle changes have the potential to improve outcomes, lifestyle counseling is not routinely integrated into standard care. ’ (P13, female, architecture student) Qualitative studies have also highlighted barriers to healthy lifestyle change faced by people with SMI including exercise facilities being too far away and too expensive, inclement weather, unsafe neighborhoods and unhealthy food environments, chronic pain from physical health conditions, difficulty giving up old dietary habits, difficulty May 13, 2010 · Background A family history, reflecting genetic susceptibility as well as shared environmental and behavioral factors, is an important risk factor for common chronic multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and many cancers. Qualitative research takes into account the natural contexts in which individuals or groups function to provide an in-depth understanding of real-world problems. The definition of research varies among studies and scholars, and it is difficult to devise a single definition. S. Unlike quantitative research, which aims to collect tangible, measurable data from a broader demographic, qualitative analysis involves smaller, focused datasets, identifying patterns for insights. " Due to the open-ended nature of the research questions, qualitative research design is often not linear like quantitative design. Dec 23, 2019 · Background Mindfulness practice and exercise are ways by which older adults can improve and maintain their physical, emotional and cognitive health. The results of a qualitative study showed that all participants had experienced different financial difficulties associated with hypertension which had forced them to rely on helps from the government, family and friends. Unlike quantitative research, qualitative research isn’t about finding causal relationships between Aug 26, 2014 · The MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) is supported by the Wellcome Trust (UK grants 058893/Z/99/A; 069683/Z/02/Z; 085477/Z/08/Z), the University of the Witwatersrand Medical Research Council, and the Anglo-American Chairman’s Fund, South Africa. The questionnaire included background data about family, school and living conditions, as well as questions about lifestyle habits and self-perceived health. Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome causing a potential heavy burden from illness and symptoms (Ponikowski et al.
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