Common collector amplifier experiment

Common collector amplifier experiment

venil22. Now, compute the ac parameters listed in Table 8-3. Each stage did its own part in delivering the desired results and behavior requested from the specifications. To determine the power gain of the emitter-follower amplifier. To measure the input and output impedance of the amplifier. Procedures are outlined to measure voltage and signal levels at various points Jul 8, 2018 · A common collector amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage buffer. Determine Ai, Av, and Ap. The goal of the first section was to explore the midband and low - frequency operation of the CB amplifier . Breadboard implementation of the three-stage BJT common-emitter amplifier. We recorded the peak - to - peak values of nodes S , B , E , and C in that section . Rin (base)=Vin/Iin=Vb/Ib. Download Free PDF. Measure V E , V B, and V C in quiescent conditions. Although this different method of feedback This document describes an experiment to study the characteristics of a common collector (emitter follower) amplifier circuit. Step 1 Our objective is to design the emitter follower , or common collector amplifier Experiment-4 R. 5 V, the differential voltage will be 0. 2- Give an input to the amplifier so that the output is 4Vpp at 1 kHz Measure the input. Replace RL with the original 10k Ω resistor and open RE1. Date : 04 – 21 - Objectives : The purposes of this lab was to compute the dc and ac parameters for a common -collector amplifier by using “ Multisim” online tools. In common collector, though the emitter is never bypassed since the is taken about Re that is RE in parallel with the resistance RL. The common-collector amplifier is also known as an emitter-follower. Yotter/T. In other words, it has no voltage gain, but it does have a current gain. 6 volts below the base . Each of these configurations exhibit certain characteristics that make them more desirable in certain circuit applications than the others. The total amplification of the amplifier circuit is: Due to the small value of r'e, the amplification A V is close to 1. This configuration is also called a common-collector amplifier because the collector of the BJT is connected to a power supply. to demonstrate the operation and characteristics of the small-signal common collector amplifier and 2. For a given input signal, a larger Rc means. experiment 6 activity 2 sample. This configuration is widely used as a The common emitter amplifier is a three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor and is used as a voltage amplifier. The drain circuit contains the load resistor, Rd. The collector terminal (output) of the As seen during the Amplifier Classes tutorial, class A amplifiers have a 360° conduction angle, meaning that 100 % of the input signal is used for the amplification process. The base terminal is at the common ground point. The professor gives a summary before the experiment, so we could understand what is going to happen, while conducting the experiment. 🔥🔥Common Collector Transistor Amplifier Design and simulation using LTSpice🔥🔥The electronics engineering field has various branches including industrial A common-collector circuit can be used as an AC-coupled linear amplifier by biasing its base to a quiescent half-supply voltage value (to accommodate maximal signal swings) and AC-coupling the input signal to its base and taking the output signal from its emitter, as shown in the basic circuits in Figures 14 and 15. In this configuration (Fig. Input is Mar 11, 2010 · In this lab we learned more about the Bipolar Junction Transistors ( BJT ) by using it in Common Base and Common Collector Amplifier devices . To learn the method used to determine the phase relations in the experiment circuit. Chen EE-332 Laboratory Handbook Page E2. Measure and record the dc voltages in Table 9-2. This is the unique quality of the common-collector amplifier: an output voltage that is nearly equal to the input voltage. Build the amplifier from objective 1 and measure the dc and ac parameters including input resistance and the power gain. Questions. The common-collector amplifier is used for coupling circuits with small driving capabilities with heavy loads. ggghhh Experiment #5: Characterization of an NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Lab 6 Experiment #6: Biasing an NPN BJT - Introduction to CE, CC, and CB Amplifiers. Raymond Yap. This configuration acts as a buffer. The common emitter (CE) amplifier is the most basic. B. Introduction. Required Materials. Components needed: Instruments used: Resistors: (1) 33 kΩ, 10kΩ, 100 Ω, (2) 1kΩ 1. Key steps include using an AC source at the base instead of DC, setting the collector resistance to 8 ohms, and Then, measure the voltage gain of the amplifier. Common-collector amplifier. With the solar cell darkened (no current), the transistor will be in cutoff mode and behave as an open switch between collector and emitter. josephangelo25. THE COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER The common emitter amplifier has a moderate gain as well as moderate input and output impedances. BJT Aplif Colector Comun. Due to this property, the amplifier Measurement of bandwidth of an amplifier, input impedance and Maximum Signal Handling Capacity of an amplifier. Fig. Substitute AC equivalent circuit for transistor (hybrid-pi for bipolar transistor) Include coupling capacitors CC1, C C2. Lab 8 Experiment #8: Designing and Measuring a Common-Collector Amplifier. e. Experiment 4 - The Common-Emitter Amplifier Biasing, Gain And Impedance Object: To connect a transistor as a CE ac amplifier using voltage-divider bias. Common Collector Amplifier. Circuit Graph. Multisim screenshots. This holds true for transistors of any β value, and May 22, 2022 · Figure 7. Nov 14, 2019 · Ans: The common collector junction transistor amplifier is commonly called an emitter follower. fig 1 : CBA electric diagram. It is often used as a buffer stage between a high-impedance source and a low-resistance load. As an example, typical values are : R C //R L =1 kΩ, R E =500 Ω and r e =5 Ω. The voltage in and out of an emitter follower are about the same. You will examine the voltage gain, clipping, sensitivity to V+, and frequency response of this amplifier. Common Collector Configuration-Emitter Follower (u sing Darlington pair)-Gain and input impedance measurement of the circuit. So the small signal input resistance of the common-collector amplifier is. Common-collector transistor amplifiers are so-called because the input and output voltage points share the collector lead of the transistor in common with each other, not considering any power supplies. Explore three common failures of common base amplifiers. Darling/T-C Chen EE-332 Laboratory Handbook Page 4. 9 kn x1 10 kn x1 39 k x1 2N3904 x1 1 uF x1 10 uF x1 22 uf x1 THEORY AND DESCRIPTIONS The analysis of the frequency response of an amplifier can be Jan 14, 2024 · REFERENCE Principal of Electronic Devices and Circuits – Chapter 5, Section 6 OBJECTIVES The objectives of this experiment are 1. I Dec 16, 2020 · We can Define Basic Common Emitter BJT Amplifier as: "A type of amplifier circuit made by a Bi-Polar junction Transistor that uses NPN BJT Transistor, inverts the voltage output wave at 180 degree and is the one from the three basic BJT amplifier Configuration. Lab 7 Experiment #7: Designing and Measuring a Common-Emitter Amplifier. 2 k x2 3. . To design a small signal voltage amplifier. Observe the effect of the by-pass capacitor on amplifier voltage gain. Experiment-2 R. 2) C2 is a “coupling capacitor” which Apr 1, 2020 · The calculation of input resistance observing from the base of the common-collector amplifier is like the common emitter amplifier which we discuss in the previous post. In common collector configuration, collector terminal is common between input and output. Key aspects that will be examined include the effect of load resistance on the output, frequency response, and how the common collector configuration differs from a common emitter amplifier. To begin the design of the Common-Collector Amplifier, the DC biasing conditions should be assigned first; for instance, it can be assumed that = 12V, = 50% = 6V, = 2mA, and beta = 100. Afterward, Replace C2 and reduce RL to 1 Ω. 1 7. 5: Common Base Amplifier. Experimentally determine the input impedance of common base amplifier. The circuit we will use is shown below. Plot of frequency Vs gain . EMT 1255L The Common-Emitter Amplifier Jose Ynfante & Mariane Gil-Perez 10/25/ Lab report #7 exp 8 Section-D Objective: The objective of this laboratory experiment is to build a common emitter amplifier circuit and measure the dc and ac parameters, ac resistance, the ac input resistance, and the voltage gain, and see the differences between thee input and output signals. The output is inverted with respect to the input. 1. We used two common emitters one with a capacitor and the without, and finally a common collector was used. In other words, if you are shown a common collector amplifier circuit, this video w Mar 30, 2019 · The common collector amplifier is one of the three basic BJT amplifier topologies. In addition, build the amplifier from objective 1 and measure the dc and ac parameters including input resistance and power gain. Schematic diagram of a BJT common-emitter amplifier with collector-base resistive feedback. The voltage gain of the amplifier is less than but close to unity; the current gain is however nearly 1+b. There are three basic BJT amplifier configurations that are generally identified as: common- emitter, common-base, and common-collector (sometimes called the emitter-follower). Drive the input with small sinusoidal signal (output should not exceed 1 V) and measure the values of the design parameters: small signal voltage gain, quiescent current, and the frequency f -3dB. Common Collector amplifier also known as emitter follower is widely used in class B power amplifiers. The input signal is injected into the base-collector circuit and output signal is taken out from the emitter-collector circuit. 3V. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. 7v and if the input is 5V then the output is 4. The common collector amplifier topology is also known as a emitter follower amplifier or voltage follower. For example the base emitter voltage is 0. ASSEMBLY AND TESTING. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. 12 During this experiment we used a three-stage amplifier circuit. The function of R. Common collector Amplifier - Free download as PDF File (. BJT Detailed Analysis on Common Emitter and Common Collector. (3), it is a single stage amplifier. Discussion Before conducting the experiment, there was a lot of questions about the was the Cascaded Common - Emitter Common - Collector Amplifier would work. Procedure: Consider the circuit shown in Fig. We learned that an emitter follower has high input impedance, while its output impedance is low. of Kansas Dept. Wire the amplifier circuit following your design. Common Collector Amplifier or the Emitter Follower: Figure 1 (a) gives the basic circuit of a common collector amplifier, popularly called emitter follower. Two stage Amplifier. 2. , common emitter (CE), common collector (CC), and common base (CB). doc. 2 to match the circuit shown in figure P. II. This experiment studies the properties of Darlington configuration. If the Microsoft Word - 325_Chapter_Vb. " Recall that A Transistor is made by combining two diodes in required manner. This equation shows that the common-collector amplifier has a large input resistance, due to the product (β+1) R E. Lab #4: BJT Amplifiers Goals In this lab you will experiment with BJT amplifiers. [Experiment 4] BJT - Common Collector Amplifier. Conclusion. It aims to help understand the function, construction, and biasing of such an amplifier, as well as perform small signal analysis. Common collector amplifier has relatively high Experiment No. 1 Experiment-2 Single-Stage BJT Amplifiers Introduction The objectives of this experiment are to observe the operating characteristics of the three fundamental single-stage BJT amplifiers: common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector, and to learn The Common -Collector Amplifier. Breadboard implementation of a BJT common-emitter amplifier with collector-base resistive feedback. We will use the 2N3904 npn transistor. Figure 1––The common-emitter amplifier. Although a common-emitter amplifier is in principle a simple device it nevertheless utilizes a number of discrete components for proper operation. 5V p-p to the amplifier. Common collector amplifier is called as emitter follower as the phase of the output signal at emitter follows the phase of the input signal at base. 5 V (3 - 2. 7. Discussion: 1. The Common-Collector Amplifier OBJECTIVES After completing this experiment, you will be able to: 1. Feb 13, 2012 · A tutorial on how to do the AC analysis of a common collector amplifier. Equipment: You must make up a complete equipment list and have your instructor review it before you start. " It is one of the Configuration of the Apr 30, 2020 · Common base and common collector Amplifier experiment | 1st ElectricalcalMultisim simulation Its purpose is to provide approximately the same voltage to the load as what is input to the amplifier but at a much greater current. Experiment 1 Single Stage CE Amplifier The aim of this experiment is to study the single stage amplifiers; using BJT in common emitter (CE) configuration and to learn its application as a small signal amplification. Objectives: After completing this experiment, you should be able to, Calculate and measure the DC & AC parameters of the Common-Collector (CC) amplifier. This amplifier is based on a two-supply emitter bias circuit. 2 – Common Emitter Amplifier Common Collector (CC) Amplifier. larger output voltage change––a higher voltage gain (Av). Ignore (remove) all transistor capacitances C , C. 5), but the common-mode voltage will be 2. Experiment # 4/ 21/ 2020. To determine the difference between common collector amplifier to common emitter amplifier. Compute the dc and ac parameters for a common-collector (CC) amplifier 2. We will see in the next section, however, that this last affirmation is valid only for a certain architecture. In this article, we present the last topology of amplifiers for bipolar transistors known as the Common Base Amplifier (CBA). Experiment # 9 Prof. Sep 3, 2020 · In electronics, a common collector amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage Common emitter amplifier develops voltage output due to the current through the load resistor. An example, using two-supply emitter bias, is shown in Figure 7. To observe the effect of an emitter bypass capacitor on amplifier gain. 3. Table of Contents. the base voltage appears as an equal increment in Experiment-2 R. With a constant value of gate voltage Vg applied the JFET operates within its “Ohmic region” acting like a linear resistive device. Observe the ac signal voltage at the transistor’s base, emitter, and collector and measure the voltage gain of the amplifier. Several of these will be breadboarded and measured for voltage gain, frequency response and signal swing. 1) is an amplifier with full series negative feedback. It is also called as an emitter follower. So that these components do not alter the bias, we isolate the input and load through the use of coupling The Common-Collector Amplifier OBJECTIVES After completing this experiment, you will be able to: 1. Theory This experiment will discuss the common collector BJT configuration, where the collector is grounded and the output of the circuit is taken from its emitter. 4 COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER AIM 1. 1 Experiment-4 Multi-Stage Amplifiers Introduction The objectives of this experiment are to examine the characteristics of several multi-stage amplifier configurations. The value of the output voltage V CE changes with respect to the input voltage V BC and I B With the help of these values, input characteristic curve is drawn. It is commonly followed with a buffer 4/15/2011 The Common Collector Amplifier lecture 1/14 Jim Stiles The Univ. The \(\beta \) can be increased with the aid Darlington configuration. Scope A. To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of the small—signal common—collector amplifier. 1 Experiment-2 Single-Stage BJT Amplifiers Introduction The objectives of this experiment are to observe the operating characteristics of the three fundamental single-stage BJT amplifiers: common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector, and to learn how to properly bias a BJT Sep 2, 2022 · The BJT common-collector amplifier is one of the three basic single-stage BJT amplifier topologies. Alter the circuit constructed in P. Question: Experiment 26 CC and CB Amplifiers Anemitter follower or common collector (CC) amplifier has a high input impedance, low output impedance, and low nonlinear distortion. 5 V since that is the lowest input signal level. Basic Electronics Virtual Laboratory. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. Since the emitter resistance is much greater than the small diode resistance, the voltage gain is very much decreased. For example, if the inverting input is at 3. 1 and 2 show the circuit of a single-stage CC amplifier using an NPN transistor. Similar to the CE amplifier, the input is applied at the base. In many texts, R source +r ∏ is neglected, because it is a lot smaller than (β+1) R E. It offers great voltage gain and ok current gain. Digital Multimeter (DMM) The common collector amplifier gets its name from the fact that the collector is common to both the input and output of the amplifier. 3. In this circuit, the base of the transistor serves as an input, emitter as the output and the collector is grounded that is, common for both emitter and base. For this configuration the gain and operating point depend on g m and β. Construct the amplifier shown in Figure 9-3. frequencies. It has a high input-impedance, a low output-impedance, and has a non-inverting gain of around 1. Increase in \(\beta \) means bigger input impedance which is a desired thing. DC DC +c cc, d, s -c e, ss, g DC y y +c cc, d, s -c e, ss, g. 0 V and the noninverting input is at 2. BJT is always biased in the forward-active region (FAR 8 Conclusion: In this experiment we have the chance to construct Common-Collector Amplifier and to be able to measure the DC and AC parameters. Sep 2, 2022 · The BJT common emitter amplifier is a general-purpose BJT-based amplifier that it typically used for voltage amplification. Experiment 9 Bipolar Junction Transistors Common Collector Amplifier Common Collector Amplifier. Data. Lab 9 Experiment-2 R. CB amplifier is used in multi-stage amplifier where impedance matching is required between different stages. 3- Give an input of 0. Apr 7, 2023 · Input impedance of a common collector amplifier shown in Fig. Below is a summary of the individual components and their purpose, and the symbol convention. Examined from the perspective of output voltage change for a given amount of input voltage change, this amplifier has a voltage gain of almost exactly unity (1), or 0 dB. to investigate what influences its voltage gain EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS DC power supply Digital Multimeter Dual The input signal, ( Vin) of the common source JFET amplifier is applied between the Gate terminal and the zero volts rail, (0v). CB configuration is used in common base amplifier to obtain voltage gain. 39 is a function of transistor’s current gain (\(\beta \)). The basic configuration and characteristics of each type of From this viewpoint, a common-collector stage (Fig. Name: Mahfuz Alam EMT-1255 – D452 laboratory. user-533388. In Figure 1 below, the electric diagram of a CBA is presented, no particular bias circuit or decoupling capacitors are shown here. A common-base (CB) amplifier has a low input Impedance and relatively Aug 26, 2020 · The common collector configuration is also called emitter follower or voltage follower because the output emitter voltage always follows the base input voltage. Measure the dc voltage at the base, emitter, and collector. Objective. Back to Basics tutorial on the fundamentals of the three bipolar transistor amplifier topologies. Objectives: In this experiment you will: Verify through circuits measurements, the voltage gain and phase shift of common base amplifier. Darling EE-332 Laboratory Handbook Page E2. It has a voltage gain of approximately 1 which makes it to act as a buffer, isolating two circuits. The experiments will highlight common circuits and their performance. ENI 723 Common Collector Amplifier. Robert Boylstad, Louis Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory”, PHI, 2008. Also, we had the chance to Test the effect of different load resistors on the AC parameters and be able to predict the effect of faults in a Common-Collector Amplifier. Comments (2) For a common emitter amplifier, is the input in phase with the output? Figure P. Experiment 9: The Common-Collector Amplifier EMT 1255. The E/B junction is forward-biased by VEE and C/B junction is reverse-biased by VCC. This will produce a maximum voltage drop between collector and emitter for maximum V output, equal to the full Conclusion This experiment taught us about the emitter follower, or common-collector amplifier. The main objective of this manual is to guide students in the application of the theory of electronic circuit analysis and design to real-world components and practice. Output impedance of common base configuration is very high. This project will show the biasing, gain, frequency response, and impedance properties of a common collector amplifier. Step 11: Calculate the voltage gain of this new circuit and evaluate the temperature response. CE configuration is also referred to as the “inverter” configuration, and CC and CB are referred to as the emitter (or voltage) follower and current buffer, respectively. To investigate what influences its voltage gain. Output voltage is always near the input voltage. Circuit description. EXPERIMENT 02 Common Base Amplifier. This is known as a Common-Collector configuration. Questions: 1. THEORY Amplifiers are classified as small signal amplifiers and large signal amplifiers depending on the shift in operating point, from the quiescent condition caused by the input signal. As the collector current changes in response to an input signal, the circuit’s output voltage is developed across the col-lector resistor, Rc. The input of this amplifier is taken from the base terminal, the output is collected from the collector terminal and the emitter terminal is common for both the terminals. To plot its frequency response and to obtain bandwidth. The bandwidth and mid-frequency gain have been calculated from the frequency response curve. Darling/R. 1) Rs is the output resistance of signal source. 8/13/2021 10:35. Usually the emitter resistance satisfies R E >>r e so that we can approximate the voltage gain by AV=Rout/RE. Their efficiency is very low with a theoretical maximum of 50 %. 1 Experiment-2 Single-Stage BJT Amplifiers Introduction The objectives of this experiment are to observe the operating characteristics of the three fundamental single-stage BJT amplifiers: common-emitter, common-base, and common-collector, and to learn Electrical Engineering questions and answers. Re is set as a Pot so the gain can be varied. Build the circuit shown in Figure 2, a simple common collector amplifier The Class A amplifier is the simplest form of power amplifier that uses a single switching transistor in the standard common emitter circuit configuration as seen previously to produce an inverted output. Feb 3, 2014 · The document provides instructions for constructing and analyzing a common emitter amplifier circuit. Experiment 26 CC and CB Amplifiers La An emitter follower or common-collector (CC) amplifier has a high input impedance, low output impedance, and low nonlinear distortion. 1- Connect the circuit. How small? R source can be around 10 kΩ, while r ∏, is around Step 1: Connect three common-emitter amplifier circuits together, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, without the 1 MΩ feedback resistor, to begin with, to see for yourself just how high the unrestricted voltage gain is. ECE 3274 Common-Collector (Emitter-Follower) Amplifier Project. Students will practice the measurement of component parameters and evaluate their effects May 11, 2018 · The transistor’s base is held at a constant bias potential, its emitter forms the amplifier’s input, and the collector its output. of EECS The Common-Collector Amplifier The common-collector amplifier: the BJT collector is at small-signal ground! Examples of this type of amplifier include: V CC COUS + -v i ()t v O t V BB (a) COUS V CC V CC COUS + -v i ()t v O ()t (c) COUS (b) V CC The three configurations of BJT amplifiers, i. 5. Its function is not voltage gain but current or power gain and impedance matching. voltage (f=1 kHz). This shows that a common- collector amplifier In this experiment we will measure the characteristics of common emitter and common collector amplifiers. The third and final prototype is the common base amplifier. The basic symbol of the common emitter amplifier is Experiment # 6. pdf), Text File (. Its voltage gain is close to unity (one) and, therefore, any increment in the input voltage i. 1: Common emitter amplifier using two-supply emitter bias. CC amplifiers are used for impedance matching applications FURTHER READING 1. May 22, 2022 · 7. An ideal differential amplifier ignores all common-mode voltage, which is whatever level of voltage common to both inputs. txt) or read online for free. This is an example of a common emitter amplifier. 2 with β = 1), the entire output voltage Vout is placed contrary and in series with the input voltage Vin. Figure 6. Presenting the Common Base Amplifier. Thus the two voltages are subtracted according to Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) (the subtractor from Dec 16, 2020 · 1st of all, We'll have a brief definition of the Common Collector Amplifier: " A type of Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier is called Common Collector BJT Amplifiers in which Collector is common to both Base, Base region is used for input and emitter is used to take the output of the Amplifier. Figure 2. In this configuration the input signal is applied to the emitter and the output is taken from the collector. > To measure the voltage gain of a CE amplifier. However, the output is taken at the emitter terminal of the BJT. The DC biasing arrangement is exactly the same as the common Ay, mid RESULTS FROM PROCEDURE EXPERIMENT 4 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF COMMON- EMITTER AMPLIFIERS Experiment 4 Frequency Response of Common-Emitter Amplifiers TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED 2. The notable changes are the inclusion of an input signal voltage, Vin V i n, and a load, RL R L. Calculations are entered as notes in the document. Experiment # 6. T he George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE 20 - Summer 2000. The input impedance is moderate but unfortunately it has high output impedance. The transistor is always biased “ON” so that it conducts during one complete cycle of the input signal waveform producing minimum This experiment focuses on designing and constructing a single-stage CE amplifier using transistor BC 107 and studying its frequency response using a function generator for a constant AC source voltage. The quiescent values of IB and IE are set by VCC Experiment 1, Common-Collector ( pts, Recommended) Last week you measured the of your 2N3904 transistor with a circuit that was essentially a common-collector amplifier (the collector is connected to a DC voltage source, which looks like a signal ground, or common). nazia. 4. 8. Procedure. Jan 17, 2018 · January 17, 2018 Engineeering Projects. Unformatted text preview: /d EE—321 EXPERIMENT — Lab 8 The Common—Collector Amplifier Professor Warrier March 6, 2008 Andrew Stover Willy Joseph Chee Keng Tang Objectives: 1. I. We will use a single supply in the lab classroom. The voltage gain of an emitter follower is just a little less than one since the emitter voltage is constrained at the diode drop of about 0. It does NOT produce voltage gain, but is The input characteristic of the common collector configuration is drawn between collector base voltage V CE and base current I B at constant emitter current voltage V CE. Basic Electronics Introduction This is a characteristic of the EF amplifier! Cannot get voltage gain >1 for this amplifier! Draw low frequency AC circuit. Objective: To (i) measure the operating points, (ii) measure Gain of the amplifier as a Circuit Description. At that time you simply measured the DC (bias) voltages and currents. Estimation of Q factor, bandwidth of an amplifier 6. 5. cv dy mn ww jd ix lu kn sj rg